What is the proper vinyl sheet pile driving method for different soil types?

“Pitch and drive” method is the most practical way of pile driving in loose soils especially when using short piles. Also called “set and drive”, this method installs piles one by one. However, with only one interlock in control, sheet piles have high tendencies of rotating from the axis and leaning forward or backward. Panel driving is recommended for the dense deposit of sands and compact cohesive soils such as heavy clay or in presence of obstructions. In this method, a number of piles are interlocked together before driving. The panel of piles is supported by guide frames and driven gradually in sequence, sometimes in a staggered manner. The method can achieve installations of longer piles in more difficult ground conditions with better results in sheet pile alignment and verticality. In cases of difficult ground conditions such as hard strata and the presence of obstructions, driving assistance is employed along with a proper selection of driving method and equipment. Jetting and drilling help by loosening or eliminating obstructions by creating pressure right under the tip of the sheet pile being driven. Long and slender PVC sheet piles require steel mandrels as supports when driven in such conditions. Mandrel, which shape is similar to sheet pile profiles, increases the rigidity of Plastic Sheet Pile and supports the weight of the driving equipment such as a vibro-hammer.

What is the proper machine to drive piles in different conditions?

Impact driving is suitable for all soil types but appears to create the highest degree of stress to sheet piles. It is more appropriate to cohesive soils and soft soils such as silts and peats, loose medium to coarse sand, and gravels free of rock inclusions. Drop hammers such as the hydraulic hammer are the common types of impact-driving machinery. Driving using vibratory hammers is ideal for non-cohesive or granular soils such as soft soils and round-grained sand or gravel. It has also shown satisfactory performance in sandy, silty, or softer clay soils. It is less effective in angular-grained materials and soils with a firm consistency. With the introduction of vibration, however, the sub-soil can be further compacted, increasing penetration resistance and ultimately-refusal. If this is the case, driving aids like jetting and drilling might be necessary.

What are the pvc sheet pile selection criteria for soil condition of different hardness?

General rule of the thumb: “the harder the soil, the stronger and stiffer sheet pile section should be used”. Driveability of a pile section is a consequence of its cross-sectional properties (thickness, depth, and width), designed shape, length, grade, and the applied load. Hardness of soil strata characterized by SPT or CPT values is used to predict soil resistance which is essential in the calculation of driving force to be applied. Knowing the range of force from the selected driving machine, corresponding sheet pile sections can be picked according to their yield strength and elastic modulus.

How should I choose a sheet pile section for soils with, say, SPT Value, N=30? Can I still consider using vinyl or shift to steel?

Every sheet pile material has a design purpose, strengths, and areas of improvement. The availability of different materials denotes the need for a special material for a specific application. Plastic or synthetic sheet piles for example are known for being light and corrosion-resistant; Steel sheet piles are recognized for their extraordinary strength and versatility; and so on.

A Deeper Understanding to Pipe Sizes and Pressure Ratings

Identifying steel pipes by size is supposedly straightforward since it only involves three measurements – diameter, thickness, and length. Unfortunately, it has surprising technicalities that confuse many people, especially laymen.

For instance, everyone is aware of pipe’s diameter as the length of an edge-to-edge straight line passing through the center of its circle. But when we say “edge”, is it the outer side of the pipe, the inner side of the pipe, or the middle of the pipe wall? Another thing is pipe thickness. Automatically, this dimension should be read in millimeters or inches, however, pipe gage or thickness is well known to be represented by “schedule”. But what does “schedule 20” or “ schedule 40” stands for, and what specific thickness reading they corresponds to? These are the usual uncertainties, but more inconsistencies are actually expected to come across when dealing with multiple pipes from different sources in the market.

There is no trick in it, nor too much information to bear in mind. The key is to get familiar, first with terminologies, moreover with the underlying practices and patterns on how steel pipes in different industries are classified according to standards

TERMINOLOGIES

NPS - is an abbreviation for Nominal Pipe Size, which is the term used to identify the diameter or size of a pipe. For example, NPS 2 means a 2-inches pipe.
NB – stands for Nominal Bore. It is the same as NPS but commonly used in the USA to identify pipe size.
DN – is a short cut for Nominal Diameter which is the International and European metric system equivalent of NPS or NB. To convert NPS to DN, simply multiply NPS number or value by 25 (since 1 inch is approximately 25mm). So to convert NPS 2 into DN, 2 x 25 = 50. Therefore, DN 50 is the equivalent of NPS 2 or NB 2 in the metric system.
ID – means Inside Diameter. For process pipes, it is the circle that can be occupied by a medium – liquid or gas. It is obtained by taking the overall outside diameter of a pipe less twice the wall thickness (ID = OD – 2x thickness).

OD – means Outside Diameter or the measurement of the outside edges of a pipe passing through its center

MANUFACTURING STANDARDS

Pipes from NPS 1/8 (DN 6) to NPS 12 (DN 300) is based on fixed OD. While the wall thickness increases, the ID of the pipe decreases. So in this case, the NPS is somewhere in between the OD and ID. This means that for smaller pipe diameters, it is normal to obtain OD measurements which are larger than the NPS or size.

For pipes from NPS 14 (DN 350) and up, the OD is the same as the NPS. In this case, if the pipe is NPS 20, we expect an OD which is exactly 20 inches or 500mm.

WHAT IS PIPE SCHEDULE?

Schedule, abbreviated as SCH or SCHED, is a measurement that denotes wall thickness of a pipe. Remember, it has NO UNIT such as millimeter or inch as commonly misunderstood. It is a numbering system inspired by Barlow’s formula and introduced by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) to simplify the identification of pipe thicknesses.

By formula, Schedule Number = 1,000 x (P/S);

P = working stress or service pressure in (psi)

S = allowable stress in (psi)

According to ASME B63.10 and B63.19, standard pipe schedules are: 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160, STD, XS, and XXS for carbon steel and wrought iron pipes; and 5s, 10s, 40s, and 80s for stainless steel pipes.

STD = standard thickness (same as SCH 40S, and 40S is identical to 40 for NPS 1/8 to NPS10,inclusive)
·XS = Extra Strong (same as SCH 80S, and 80S is identical to 80 for NPS 1/8 to NPS 8, inclusive)
XXS = Double Extra Strong (wall is thicker than schedule 160 from NPS 1/8 to NPS 6 inclusive, and schedule 160 is thicker than XXS wall for NPS 8 and larger)
Above NPS 10 STD has a wall thickness of 3/8 in. (9.53 mm)
Above NPS 8 XS has a wall thickness of ½ in. (12.5 mm)

To understand this better, we consider a piping situation where P = 300 psi and S = 10,000 psi.

Schedule Number = 1,000 x (300/10,000) = 30; this means that pipe schedule 30 is adequate for the design pressure or use schedule 40 for a conservative factor of safety.

KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER

Pipe schedule numbers are non-dimensional or has no unit. SCH 40 doesn’t mean the pipe is 40 millimeters or 40 inches in diameter.
SCH 40 stainless steel pipe has a smaller wall thickness than a SCH 40 carbon steel pipe due to different superiority of the two steel pipes.
Nominal pipe size only refers to the diameter of the pipe. A complete size specification should include the NPS, schedule or thickness, and length.
Increasing the wall thickness of the pipe increases the mechanical strength of the pipe, allowing it to handle higher pressure ratings.
For process pipes, internal diameter (ID) is given more importance because it is the parameter used for sizing calculations. The volume of liquid or gas passing through a process pipe depends on its internal diameter.
For structural applications, the ability of pipe to resist loads and stresses is the most critical consideration. This is characterized by its pressure-bearing capacity.
Schedule 40 is, of course, thicker than schedule 20; schedule 80 is thicker than schedule 40; and so on.
Pipe dimensions – diameter, thickness, and length, has allowable tolerances as per standards. This means having minor discrepancies in the measurements IS NOT a ground for rejection.

PROFESSIONAL ASSISTANCE

Using LSAW, SSAW, and ERW pipe manufacturing processes, ESC can supply steel pipes from 21mm to 4,267mm in diameter at thicknesses from 2.1mm to 100mm, at a wide range of steel grades. ESC has been providing thousands of tons of steel pipes all around the world, especially for the construction and marine industries.

Please contact us at www.escglobalgroup.com for your steel pipe requirements. We design, produce, and deliver!

GLOBAL PILING SOLUTIONS PROVIDER

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